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Investments

Risk Tolerance Versus Capacity for Risk: Understanding the Difference

Risk Protection

Risk Tolerance Versus Capacity for Risk: Understanding the Difference

“All of life is the management of risk, not its elimination” – Walter Wriston

3 min read

Risk Protection

Risk Tolerance Versus Capacity for Risk: Understanding the Difference

“All of life is the management of risk, not its elimination” – Walter Wriston

3 min read

When markets are continuously on upward trends and hitting their latest ‘all time highs’ every other month, it is easy to think that such trends will either continue as the norm, or that any periods of volatility will be short-lived and inconsequential to long-term outcomes. Such attitudes can unfortunately lead to complacency as ‘things are all doing well’.

However, risk is an inherent and unavoidable part of investing whether the market is high, or not.

Many investors are comfortable with this in principle. They recognise that markets can be volatile and that higher risk investments often offer greater potential for long-term returns.

The challenge arises when market movements conflict with your real financial needs. This is where the distinction between risk tolerance and capacity for risk becomes critical.

What is your ‘risk tolerance’?

Sometimes known as the ‘how well can you sleep at night if the market falls’ measurement, your risk tolerance describes how comfortable you feel with investment volatility. It is largely emotional and behavioural, reflecting how you react to market movements rather than the financial impact of those movements.

Someone with a higher risk tolerance may:

  • Feel comfortable allocating a significant portion of their wealth to equities or other volatile assets
  • Accept short-term losses without reacting emotionally
  • Understand that markets fluctuate and can recover over time

Risk tolerance is often assessed through questionnaires and can be a useful starting point. However, it only tells part of the story.

Being comfortable with risk does not automatically mean you can afford it.

What is your ‘capacity for risk’?

Sometimes known as the ‘can you continue to eat if the market falls’ measurement, and also known as your ‘capacity for loss’, this is the objective and practical side of risk, shaped by your financial circumstances rather than your mindset.

It considers questions such as:

  • How much capital could you afford to lose, even temporarily, without compromising your plans?
  • When will you need access to this money?
  • What would happen if markets fell materially just before those funds were required?

Your capacity for risk / loss is influenced by several factors including: 

  • When you wish to retire
  • Reliance on investments to fund future income
  • Planned property purchases (or other large expenses)
  • Education, lifestyle, or family related costs

Even where risk tolerance is high, a lower capacity for risk can significantly limit the level of volatility that is appropriate for you to take with your investment portfolio. This factor is unfortunately missed by many investors.

Risk misalignment

A common investment planning oversight arises when investors focus solely on tolerance and overlook their capacity. It is not so much that individuals are deliberately overlooking their capacity for loss, but rather that they can occasionally not be aware of the concept.

This is often seen where significant sums are allocated to market trackers (by way of example, an all S&P 500 or Nasdaq allocation) as investors are attracted by strong historical performance without full consideration of how these investments align with personal timeframes and future spending needs.

While such assets can deliver strong returns over the long-term, a sharp market fall can be problematic if funds are required within a relatively short period, typically three to five years. In these circumstances, there may be insufficient time for markets to recover before capital is needed and very little you are able to do about it.

Whether markets will recover is a smaller part of the equation, as history suggests they often do, but whether your personal timeline allows you to wait for that recovery to occur is the key.

Reviewing your investments

Effective financial planning balances risk tolerance with capacity for risk, rather than prioritising one over the other. 

In practice, this can involve:

  • Segmenting assets based on time horizon
  • Aligning lower risk investments with short- to medium-term needs
  • Allowing higher risk assets to support longer-term objectives
  • Reviewing risk exposure as personal and financial circumstances change

In addition, your investment portfolio should change as your circumstances change, even if your personal tolerance to risk remains unchanged.

Balancing tolerance and capacity

The overarching question is not simply whether you are comfortable with the level of risk you are taking. It is whether you have the time, flexibility, and financial resilience to absorb potential losses during market downturns.

Ensuring that investments are aligned with both risk tolerance and capacity for risk helps reduce the likelihood of forced decisions at the wrong time and supports more resilient long-term outcomes. 

If you would like to review how your current investments align with your personal capacity for risk, particularly in the context of upcoming life events or retirement planning, get in touch with us today and book your initial, no-cost and no-obligation meeting.

Send us an e-mail to contactus@pattersonmills.ch or call us direct at +41 21 801 36 84 and we shall be pleased to assist you.

Please note that all content within this article has been prepared for information purposes only. This article does not constitute financial, legal or tax advice. Always ensure you speak to a regulated Financial Adviser before making any financial decisions.

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Financial Planning Opinion

Your 2026 Financial Checklist

2026 Financial Checklist

Your 2026 Financial Checklist

“Tomorrow, is the first blank page of a 365 page book. Write a good one” – Brad Paisley

5 min read

2026 Financial Checklist

Your 2026 Financial Checklist

“Tomorrow, is the first blank page of a 365 page book. Write a good one” – Brad Paisley

5 min read

Financial positions rarely drift out of shape because of one major mistake. More often, it is the accumulation of small oversights such as unused allowances, outdated structures, or assumptions that no longer hold true.

As such, a structured review at the end of 2025 allows any issues to be identified. What better time to review than when you likely have more time off work over the Christmas period!

This checklist is here to help you focus on the practical areas that can benefit from your regular attention before we enter 2026. You will also find specific points for those in Switzerland, the UK, and Australia, so read on to find out! 

Core financial checks 
Cashflow and liquidity 

A clear view of fixed and discretionary spending helps identify pressure points, assess sustainability, and determine whether savings or investment contributions remain realistic and whether sufficient liquidity is available to manage unexpected costs without needing to sell longer-term investments.

Some key questions to help you get started could include:

  1. Have you kept to your budget this year?
  2. Which months did you over or underspend?
  3. Have your cash reserves increased or decreased, and what is the total value now?
Investment structure and asset allocation 

Market movements during 2025 generally alter portfolio weightings over time for many investors. Reviewing asset allocation and rebalancing where necessary helps keep risk aligned with your objectives and time horizon.

Protection and legal documentation 

Life cover, disability insurance, and income protection should reflect current income levels and liabilities. Wills, powers of attorney, and beneficiary nominations may also require review, particularly where family circumstances or residency status have changed. 

United Kingdom Residents

The UK tax year runs from 6 April to 5 April each year, though planning and reviews should begin well ahead of the financial year end.

For the 2025 to 26 tax year, the standard annual pension allowance remains the lower of £60,000 or 100% of qualifying earnings. Unused allowance from the previous three tax years may be carried forward, provided you were a member of a UK registered pension scheme during those years.

Although the lifetime allowance has been abolished, limits remain on the amount of tax-free cash that can be taken from pensions. This makes planning around pension crystallisation and withdrawal sequencing increasingly important.

With the abolition of the lifetime allowance came the introduction of the Lump Sum and Death Benefit Allowance (LSDBA). This sets the maximum amount of tax-free lump sums and certain death benefits that can be paid from pensions, including benefits paid on death before age 75. The standard LSDBA is £1,073,100, mirroring the former lifetime allowance.

For those living outside the UK, UK pensions and UK property often retain UK tax exposure. Double taxation agreements help manage this, though they do not remove the need for coordinated planning between jurisdictions.

In addition, in April 2027, pensions are set to come under a deceased persons estate for inheritance tax purposes, so careful planning may be needed here.

Residents of Switzerland

Switzerland operates on a calendar year tax basis, meaning 31 December is the end of the tax year and 1 January is the beginning. Most planning opportunities and allowances not used by 31 December are lost for that year.

For 2025 and 2026, the maximum Pillar 3a contribution is CHF 7’258 for employed individuals with a second pillar pension scheme, and the lower of up to CHF 36’288 or 20% of net earned income for self-employed individuals without a pension fund. Contributions must be credited before year end to be deductible. 

Pillar 2 buy-ins / buy-backs should also be reviewed, particularly where income has increased, employment circumstances have changed, or there are plans for early retirement. These can provide meaningful tax relief when used appropriately. 

Swiss residents are required to declare worldwide assets and income for wealth and income tax purposes. This includes foreign pensions, investment accounts, property, and bank balances. Where assets are held abroad, valuations and income reporting should be documented to avoid future complications with cantonal authorities. 

Residents of Australia 

Australia’s financial year runs from 1 July to 30 June, meaning the latter half of 2025 falls within the 2025 to 2026 year. 

The concessional superannuation contribution cap for 2025-26 is AUD 30,000, covering employer contributions, salary sacrifice arrangements, and personal contributions for which a tax deduction is claimed. Where available, unused concessional caps from the previous five years may be carried forward, subject to total superannuation balance limits. 

The non-concessional contributions cap for 2025-26 is AUD 120,000, with the ability to bring forward up to three years’ worth of contributions in certain circumstances, again subject to total super balance thresholds.

The Transfer Balance Cap (TBC) limits how much superannuation can be moved into the tax-free retirement (pension) phase. It is worth considering whether you may exceed this, and plan contributions accordingly.

  • The current general TBC is AUD 2.0 million (up from AUD 1.9 million in the previous financial year).

  • It applies per individual, not per account.

  • It is a lifetime cap on transfers into retirement phase, not a cap on total superannuation.

For Australians living overseas, superannuation remains subject to Australian rules, though the tax treatment of contributions, growth, and withdrawals may differ depending on your country of residence.

Final technical checks 

In the end, make sure you tick off the below and you will be well-prepared for 2026 and beyond!

  • Check all relevant allowances for 2025 have been used, where appropriate  
  • Monitor investment portfolios to ensure they remain aligned with your risk tolerance, objectives etc.
  • Maximise pension and retirement contributions, where suitable 
  • Make sure your overseas / foreign assets are correctly reported 
  • Confirm your legal and protection arrangements reflect your current circumstances 

Addressing these areas systematically reduces the risk of avoidable tax leakage, compliance issues, and structural inefficiencies over time, and it is rarely a bad idea to keep your records up-to-date.

If you would like assistance reviewing your investment position, pensions, tax-efficient planning and more, including cross-border considerations get in touch with us today and book your initial, no-cost and no-obligation meeting.

Send us an e-mail to contactus@pattersonmills.ch or call us direct at +41 21 801 36 84 and we shall be pleased to assist you.

Please note that all content within this article has been prepared for information purposes only. This article does not constitute financial, legal or tax advice. Always ensure you speak to a regulated Financial Adviser before making any financial decisions.

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Financial Planning

Employee Share Schemes in Detail

Employee Share Schemes in Detail

Employee Share Schemes in Detail

“One is unable to notice something because it is always before one’s eyes” – Ludwig Wittgenstein

4 min read

Employee Share Schemes in Detail

Employee Share Schemes in Detail

“One is unable to notice something because it is always before one’s eyes” – Ludwig Wittgenstein

4 min read

Employee share schemes, sometimes known as Company share schemes or employer share schemes, have become an increasingly common part of remuneration packages.

They give employees the opportunity to own part of the company by which they are employed, often through discounted share purchases, stock options, or restricted stock units (RSUs). 

In some cases, there can even be tax benefits for participating in these schemes. In the UK, for example, certain approved plans offer favourable treatment if the shares are held for several years prior to selling.  

Useful to a point

Employee share plans can be a valuable addition to your overall financial plan, but like any investment, they come with both potential rewards and limitations. However, they are typically only useful to a certain point, as the advantages below will tell you, and it is likely that you should consider disposing of your employer shares where possible. You should talk to Patterson Mills before making any decisions here.

Advantages  
  • Potential to receive/buy discounted shares. 
  • Can compensate for lower salaries. 
  • A valuable way to share in the potential success of the company. 
  • Potential for significant capital growth beyond a traditional bonus. 
  • Encourages interest in personal investing and broader wealth building. 
Disadvantages
  • Vesting periods can limit flexibility, tying employees to the company until shares become available.
  • Share values can fluctuate significantly, creating uncertainty over the eventual benefit received.
  • Overexposure to one company stock is incredibly high risk.
  • A falling share price can undermine morale, motivation, and long-term engagement with the company.
The risk of concentration risk

The concept of concentration risk should not be taken lightly. This risk occurs when a large portion of your total assets is allocated to a single investment, sector, or region. The more concentrated your holdings, the greater the impact that any single event or decline in value can have on your overall wealth, even if other markets remain stable. 

A common reason employees choose to retain company shares comes down to familiarity bias.

This is the tendency to feel more comfortable investing in something known and trusted. While this can feel reassuring, it often leads to a highly unbalanced portfolio with the employee taking on far more risk than they would were the risks explained at outset.

Even strong, well-managed companies can experience setbacks, and relying too heavily on employer shares can leave your overall financial position far more volatile and vulnerable to downturns. 

Managing rules and making decisions

Each company has its own rules on vesting, holding periods, and potential incentives for long-term ownership. In some cases, retaining shares for slightly more time may prove to be more beneficial, especially where additional tax benefits apply.

However, investment decisions should be made strategically rather than emotionally.

As an employee, your view of your employer’s company will naturally be influenced by your role and proximity to its operations, but that represents only one small part of a much broader global market.

Regularly reviewing how much of your portfolio is concentrated in employer shares and considering diversifying the funds once they vest / can be sold helps maintain balance and reduce overall risk.

Integrating employee shares into your financial plan

How you manage employee shares should at a minimum reflect your broader financial objectives, investment horizon, and expected time with the company.

It is also worth considering the tax implications of selling or retaining these shares, and how you can manage risk effectively while keeping your overall strategy focused on long-term goals. 

Patterson Mills work closely with a number of clients with employee share schemes and help to identify where their portfolios may be overexposed and where we can create strategies that strengthen long-term growth and stability. Our focus is on delivering clear, practical planning that helps you feel comfortable with the financial decisions you make.  

If you would like to review your employee share scheme or explore how to reduce risk while maintaining growth potential, get in touch with us today and book your initial, no-cost and no-obligation meeting.

Send us an e-mail to contactus@pattersonmills.ch or call us direct at +41 21 801 36 84 and we shall be pleased to assist you.

Please note that all content within this article has been prepared for information purposes only. This article does not constitute financial, legal or tax advice. Always ensure you speak to a regulated Financial Adviser before making any financial decisions.

Categories
Investments

How Asset Allocation Drives Investment Success

How Asset Allocation Drives Investment Success

“Asset allocation eliminates the need to predict the near-term future direction of the financial markets and eliminates the risk of being in the wrong market at the wrong time” – Richard A Ferri

4 min read

How Asset Allocation Drives Investment Success

“Asset allocation eliminates the need to predict the near-term future direction of the financial markets and eliminates the risk of being in the wrong market at the wrong time” – Richard A Ferri

4 min read

There is often debate about whether success in investing comes from choosing the right shares, spotting short-term opportunities, or sticking with a consistent style.  

Yet time and research both show that the single biggest influence on how your portfolio performs is your overall asset allocation. 

In other words, the mix of investments you hold across different asset classes, rather than any single stock, is usually what makes the greatest difference to long-term results. 

What is asset allocation? 

At its core, asset allocation is about balancing risk and reward by spreading investments across different categories, such as equities, bonds, property, and cash. 

Each of these assets behave differently and combining them can help smooth out the bumps along the way. 

Think of it like baking. Having the right proportions of flour, eggs, and sugar matters more than whether you bought them from the most expensive shop in town. The proportions are what determine whether the end result holds together. 

Why does it matter? 

When building an effective investment portfolio, studies have shown that overall market movements account for the majority of returns, often between 70% and 80%.  

That said, the ability to outperform the market depends on more than just riding those general trends. The real difference comes from the way your portfolio is allocated across asset classes, combined with the fund managers’ selection of individual securities. Together, these factors determine whether your actively managed portfolio is able to deliver returns above its benchmark, after accounting for costs.

Diversification in practice 

No single asset class performs well all the time. Equities may rally while bonds lag, or property could rise in value when shares struggle. By combining a range of investments, the ups and downs of each can offset one another, helping to reduce overall risk. 

Relying on one asset class alone is more akin to gambling. A well-diversified portfolio, on the other hand, is designed to endure different market conditions, both the good and the bad.

Factors that shape your allocation 

The right allocation is not the same for everyone. It depends on: 

  • Your goals
    • What are you investing for, and how much return do you need?
  • Your time horizon
    • Longer timelines often allow for greater exposure to riskier assets like equities.
  • Your tolerance for risk
    • Comfort levels differ, and allocations should reflect how much volatility you are prepared to accept.

These factors combine to form the framework that determines how your portfolio is structured and adjusted over time.

Active decisions and ongoing review 

It is not enough to simply set an allocation once and forget about it. Markets evolve, economies shift, and personal circumstances change. This makes regular review essential. 

Professional managers often use a blend of approaches: 

  • Strategic asset allocation (SAA) for long-term stability. 
  • Tactical asset allocation (TAA) to take advantage of short-term conditions. 
  • Passive elements to keep costs in check. 

This combination can provide both resilience and flexibility, ensuring your portfolio adapts while staying aligned with your objectives.

What this means for you 

Asset allocation may not sound as exciting as picking the next big stock, but it is the quiet engine driving your long-term outcomes.  

By setting the right balance, reviewing it consistently, and adjusting as circumstances change, you can significantly improve your chances of achieving your financial goals. 

At Patterson Mills, we use risk profiling tools and in-depth discussions with our clients to design allocations that are both appropriate and practical. The aim is not only to create a strategy, but also to ensure you feel comfortable with it at every stage of the journey.

If you would like to explore the right mix for your own portfolio, get in touch with us today and book your initial, no-cost and no-obligation meeting.

Send us an e-mail to contactus@pattersonmills.ch or call us direct at +41 21 801 36 84 and we shall be pleased to assist you.

Please note that all content within this article has been prepared for information purposes only. This article does not constitute financial, legal or tax advice. Always ensure you speak to a regulated Financial Adviser before making any financial decisions.